The Upper Cretaceous San Remo Unit represents a trench fill that comprises a basal complex (San Bartolomeo Fm.) and two thick turbiditic sequences, a low-efficiency siliciclastic turbidite system (Bordighera Sandstones) that interfingers with a calcareous turbiditic sequence (San Remo Helminthoid Flysch) which becomes increasingly abundant towards the lateral and distal domains. In order to evaluate the outcrop analog potential of the sand-rich axial fan, the Bordighera Sandstones have been investigated by detailed facies analysis. Main emphasis was placed on the quantification of inter-sandbody heterogeneity due to hybrid event bed (HEB) development. In the context of complex tectonic deformation and limited lateral outcrop exposure, the use of sedimentological metrics (e.g. amalgamation ratios, sandstone-mudstone-ratios, grain size distribution trends and facies proportions) provided an effective tool for the determination of depositional environments. Basin-scale statistical analyses of horizontal and vertical facies distributions trends facilitated the quantitative assessment and spatial allocation of facies heterogeneity distribution along the sand fairway. Along a downstream transect, three main depositional domains - marked by strikingly contrasting dominant lithofacies proportions – have been differentiated. The proximal domain, interpreted as representing low-sinuosity channel fills, resembles homogeneous successions of massive clean sands. A medial domain of short basin-ward extent exhibits composite lenticular and tabular bed geometries. This medial realm, interpreted to represent the transition in between channelized and unchannelized facies associations, is defined by the presence of scour features. It comprises minor portions of bed types that account for facies heterogeneity. By contrast, the distal domain, dominated by laterally extensive, clustered sheet-like sandstone bodies, is interpreted as representing terminal lobes. These sheet sands are dominated by the presence of transitional flow deposits such as mudclast-rich beds and HEBs. A close environmental relationship between meso-scale scouring and rapid flow transformation could be documented that apparently controlled the shift in facies proportions. Remarkably, the widespread occurrence of HEBs within axial zones of the preserved elongated sand fairway contrasts models that predict HEB distribution to be characteristic of outer fan environments. The atypical nature of a low-efficiency turbidite system (i.e. defined by low initial mud concentrations) being highly prone to HEB-related heterogeneity is interpreted as the result of enhanced availability of cohesive mud due to the heterotopic intercalations of the calcareous Helminthoid Flysch. As the geodynamic evolution of the Western Tethyan realm during the incipient stages of Alpine convergence remains a matter of controversial debate, the multi-proxy sediment provenance analysis of the two terrigenous members, the basal complex and the coarse-clastic Bordighera Sandstones, provides insights towards a better understanding of the complex pre-collisional evolution of the Piemont-Ligurian domain and the bounding continental margins. Petrographic analysis characterizes the basal complex succession as texturally mature quartz-rich sandstones. By contrast, the conformably superimposing Bordighera Sandstones represent texturally and compositionally immature first-cycle arkoses. A gradual provenance evolution from a stable craton or transitional continental provenance setting towards a scenario defined by rapidly uplifted bedrock (granitoid plutons and low-grade metamorphic geobodies) is proposed. New geochronological data (U-Pb detrital zircon ages) reveal peaks in the detrital spectra that suggest the strong affinity of the clastic detritus towards the Paleo-European margin, documenting that the lower plate (i.e. the passive margin) provided the major sand supply into the subduction trench.
L'unità di San Remo del Cretaceo superiore comprende un compleso basale (Fm. di San Bartolomeo) e due spesse sequenze torbiditiche, rappersentate da un sistema a bassa efficienza silicoclastico (Arenarie di Bordighera) che si interdigita con una sequenza torbiditica calcarea (Flysch ad Elmintoidi di San Remo) che, attraverso il dominio laterale e distale, diventa progressivamente più abbondante. Per poter valutare le potenziali analogie degli affioramenti della conoide altamente sabbiosa e di granulometria grossolana delle Arenarie di Bordighera, queste ultime sono state studiate con dettagliate analisi di facies. Molta enfasi è stata posta alla quantificazione delle eterogeneità “inter-sandbody” dovute allo sviluppo di hybrid event beds (HEBs). In una situazione di complesse deformazioni tettoniche e con una parziale esposizione laterale degli affioramenti, l'utilizzo di parametri sedimentologiche (tasso di amalgamazione, rapporto arenaria-argillite, trend di distribuzione delle granulometrie e proporzioni delle facies) forniscono uno strumento efficiente per determinare l'ambiente di deposizione. Inoltre, analisi statistiche dei trends di distribuzione orizzontali e verticali su scala di bacino hanno facilitato la valutazione quantitativa e posizionale nella distribuzione delle eterogeneità attraverso i corpi sabbiosi. Lungo il transetto lungo corrente, tre domini deposizionali evidenziati in maniera sorprendente dalle proporzioni delle litofacies sono stati differenziati. Il dominio prossimale, interpretato come rappresentativo di un riempimento di canali a bassa sinuosità, è composto da successioni omogenee e massicce di sabbia pulita. Un dominio mediale carratterizzato da geometrie lenticolari e tabulari di breve estensione e minori proporzioni di sabbie argillose. Questo dominio è interpretato come la rappresentazione della transizione tra associazioni di facies canalizzate e non canalizzate. Contrariamente al precedente, il dominio distale è dominato da gruppi di corpi di arenaria laminati è intrpretato come una rappresentazione dei lobi terminali. Questi orizzonti sabbiosi tabulari (“sheet sands”) sono dominati da depositi di flussi transizionale quali livelli ricchi in clasti di argilla e HEB. Una relazione stretta tra incisioni a media scala e trasformazione di flussi rapidi può essere documentato dal cambiamento delle proporzioni delle facies osservato. La larga diffusione delle HEB nelle zone preservate di depositi allungati dell'asse centrale contrasta i modelli che definiscono gli HEB come peculiari dell'ambiente della conoide esterna. Inoltre, la atipicità di un sistema torbiditico a bassa efficienza (i.e. porzione di argille inizialmente ridotta) che diventa molto incline alle etereogeneità correlate agli HEB è interpretata come il risultato di una crescente disponibilità di fango coesivo dovuto alle intercalazioni eterotopiche con il Flysch ad Elmintoidi. L'analisi multi-proxy della provenienza dei sedimenti dei due membri terrigeni - il complesso basale e le Arenarie di Bordighera - fornisce spunti per una miglior comprensione della complessa evoluzione pre-collisionale del dominio Ligure-Piemontese e i circostanti margini continentali. Analisi petrografiche identificano il complesso basale come un'arenaria tessituralmete matura e ricca in quarzo. Le Arenarie di Bordighera, sovraimposte in continuità a quest'ultime rappresentano arcose tessituralmente e composizionalmente immature. Queste osservazioni suggeriscono la graduale evoluzione della provenienza da un cratone stabile o transizionale verso un basamento in rapida esumazione. Nuovi dati geocronologici (datazioni U-Pb nei zirconi detritici) rivelano picchi di distribuzione nei detriti che suggeriscono una forte affinità con il marine Paleo-Europeo e mostrando che la placca inferiore (i.e. il margine passivo) debba funzionare come sorgente principale di detrito durante le fasi iniziali della convergena Alpina.
Physical stratigraphy, heterogeneity development and provenance evolution of the sand-rich pre-collisional Bordighera turbidite system
MUELLER, PIERRE
2018-02-22
Abstract
The Upper Cretaceous San Remo Unit represents a trench fill that comprises a basal complex (San Bartolomeo Fm.) and two thick turbiditic sequences, a low-efficiency siliciclastic turbidite system (Bordighera Sandstones) that interfingers with a calcareous turbiditic sequence (San Remo Helminthoid Flysch) which becomes increasingly abundant towards the lateral and distal domains. In order to evaluate the outcrop analog potential of the sand-rich axial fan, the Bordighera Sandstones have been investigated by detailed facies analysis. Main emphasis was placed on the quantification of inter-sandbody heterogeneity due to hybrid event bed (HEB) development. In the context of complex tectonic deformation and limited lateral outcrop exposure, the use of sedimentological metrics (e.g. amalgamation ratios, sandstone-mudstone-ratios, grain size distribution trends and facies proportions) provided an effective tool for the determination of depositional environments. Basin-scale statistical analyses of horizontal and vertical facies distributions trends facilitated the quantitative assessment and spatial allocation of facies heterogeneity distribution along the sand fairway. Along a downstream transect, three main depositional domains - marked by strikingly contrasting dominant lithofacies proportions – have been differentiated. The proximal domain, interpreted as representing low-sinuosity channel fills, resembles homogeneous successions of massive clean sands. A medial domain of short basin-ward extent exhibits composite lenticular and tabular bed geometries. This medial realm, interpreted to represent the transition in between channelized and unchannelized facies associations, is defined by the presence of scour features. It comprises minor portions of bed types that account for facies heterogeneity. By contrast, the distal domain, dominated by laterally extensive, clustered sheet-like sandstone bodies, is interpreted as representing terminal lobes. These sheet sands are dominated by the presence of transitional flow deposits such as mudclast-rich beds and HEBs. A close environmental relationship between meso-scale scouring and rapid flow transformation could be documented that apparently controlled the shift in facies proportions. Remarkably, the widespread occurrence of HEBs within axial zones of the preserved elongated sand fairway contrasts models that predict HEB distribution to be characteristic of outer fan environments. The atypical nature of a low-efficiency turbidite system (i.e. defined by low initial mud concentrations) being highly prone to HEB-related heterogeneity is interpreted as the result of enhanced availability of cohesive mud due to the heterotopic intercalations of the calcareous Helminthoid Flysch. As the geodynamic evolution of the Western Tethyan realm during the incipient stages of Alpine convergence remains a matter of controversial debate, the multi-proxy sediment provenance analysis of the two terrigenous members, the basal complex and the coarse-clastic Bordighera Sandstones, provides insights towards a better understanding of the complex pre-collisional evolution of the Piemont-Ligurian domain and the bounding continental margins. Petrographic analysis characterizes the basal complex succession as texturally mature quartz-rich sandstones. By contrast, the conformably superimposing Bordighera Sandstones represent texturally and compositionally immature first-cycle arkoses. A gradual provenance evolution from a stable craton or transitional continental provenance setting towards a scenario defined by rapidly uplifted bedrock (granitoid plutons and low-grade metamorphic geobodies) is proposed. New geochronological data (U-Pb detrital zircon ages) reveal peaks in the detrital spectra that suggest the strong affinity of the clastic detritus towards the Paleo-European margin, documenting that the lower plate (i.e. the passive margin) provided the major sand supply into the subduction trench.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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