R-loops are three-strand nucleic acid structures constituted by an RNA-DNA hybrid plus a displaced DNA strand (ssDNA) that are naturally involved in cellular processes such as DNA transcription, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA replication or immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching. Their development is favored by specific areas of genome enriched in GC clusters, called GC skew, such as promoter regions, thanks to the thermodynamic stability of RNA-DNA hybrid structure. A certain number of reports suggest that R-loops are formed at a higher frequency in transcribed sites of genomic loci and can act as cotranscriptional intermediates. In some pathological conditions, physiological factors that prevent formation of R-loops are impaired and hence R-loops persistent formation can become a risky outcome with deleterious effects on genome integrity. The consequence of their accumulation is strongly related to genomic instability enhancing the development of ectopic homologous DNA sequences rearrangements, DNA hyper recombination, chromosomal rearrangements or, when abortive, to chromosome loss. It was shown that R-loops are associated with neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease such as Aicardi-Goutière Syndrome (AGS) or with neurodegenerative disorders such as fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, while their relation with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is still under study. ALS is the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease, and is characterized by the progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons from the spinal cord, brain stem, and motor cortex, leading to muscle weakness and eventual respiratory failure. Despite the multifactorial nature of this pathology, TDP-43 was recently identified as the major pathological protein in sporadic ALS. In TDP-43-positive cytoplasmic inclusions, the protein is abnormally phosphorylated, ubiquitinated and truncated resulting in the accumulation of 25-kDa and 35-kDa C-terminal fragment (CTF25 and CTF35), that avoid full length TDP-43 from exerting its nuclear physiological function related to RNA metabolism, including splicing, translation, and transport. Alternatively, TDP-43 mutations (1-2% cases), which mainly cluster in the region encoding the C-terminus glycine-rich lowcomplexity region (LC), may be neurotoxic through a novel gain of-function mechanism, developing features that can be directly connected with the pathology, such as increased aggregation propensity and half-life, altered sub-cellular localization and proteinprotein interactions. Recently, emerging evidence in literature suggests the involvement of TDP-43 even in DNA damage response (DDR) as a critical component of the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway. Colocalization of TDP-43 with active RNA polymerase II at sites of DNA damage along with the DNA damage repair protein, BRCA1, demonstrates its participation in the prevention or repair of R loop associated DNA damage. As a consequence, TDP-43 depletion leads to increased sensitivity to various forms of transcription-associated DNA damage such as R-loops- 2 associated damage and the mutation in C-terminus glycine-rich low-complexity region, LC domains associated with the loss of its important nuclear function, is known to be associated with excessively stable R-loops, stalled transcription machinery and stable open DNA. So due to impairments or mutations of this ribonucleoprotein, cellular processes involved in RNA modulation and regulation cooperating with resolving or suppressing RNA-DNA hybrid factors are affected, leading to accumulation of R-loops. In turn, this mechanism increases the amount of aberrant transcripts, which further promotes cellular neurodegeneration. The aim of this project was based on the investigation of the regulatory role of TDP-43 in R-loops formation using different in vitro cellular model such as SH-SY5Y, HeLa cervical cancer cells and LCLs derived from ALS patients.
Gli R-loops sono costituiti da un ibrido RNA-DNA più un filamento di DNA dislocato (ssDNA) e sono naturalmente coinvolti in processi cellulari come la trascrizione del DNA, la replicazione mitocondriale e nucleare del DNA o il cambio di classe delle immunoglobuline (Ig). Il loro sviluppo è favorito da specifiche aree del genoma arricchito in cluster GC, detti GC skew, tipici dei promotori, grazie alla stabilità termodinamica della struttura ibrida RNA-DNA ad una frequenza maggiore nei siti trascritti di loci genomici e quindi possono agire come intermedi cotranscrizionali. In alcune condizioni patologiche, i fattori fisiologici che impediscono la formazione di R-loop sono compromessi e quindi la formazione persistente di R-loop può diventare un risultato rischioso con effetti deleteri sull'integrità del genoma. La conseguenza del loro accumulo è fortemente correlata all'instabilità genomica che favorisce lo sviluppo di riarrangiamenti di sequenze ectopiche di DNA omologhi, iperricombinazione del DNA, riarrangiamenti cromosomici o, quando abortivo, a perdita cromosomica. È stato dimostrato che gli R-loop sono associati a malattie autoimmuni neuroinfiammatorie o a disturbi neurodegenerativi mentre la loro relazione con la Sclerosi Laterale Amiotrofica (SLA) è ancora in fase di studio. La SLA è la più comune malattia motoneuronale ad insorgenza adulta ed è caratterizzata dalla progressiva perdita dei motoneuroni superiori e inferiori del midollo spinale, del tronco cerebrale e della corteccia motoria, con conseguente debolezza muscolare ed eventuale insufficienza respiratoria. Nonostante la natura multifattoriale di questa patologia, la ribonucleoproteina TDP-43 è stata recentemente identificata come la principale proteina patologica nella SLA sporadica. Nelle inclusioni citoplasmatiche positive al TDP-43, la proteina è anormalmente fosforilata, ubiquitinata e troncata con conseguente accumulo di frammenti C-terminali (CTF25 e CTF35), che evitano che TDP-43 non eserciti la sua funzione fisiologica nucleare legata al metabolismo dell'RNA, compresi splicing, traduzione e trasporto. In alternativa, le mutazioni del TDP-43 (1-2% dei casi), che si raggruppano principalmente nella regione che codifica la regione a bassa complessità (LC) ricca di glicina del C-terminus, possono essere neurotossiche attraverso un nuovo meccanismo di guadagno di funzione, sviluppando caratteristiche che possono essere direttamente connesse con la patologia, come l'aumento della propensione all'aggregazione e dell'emivita, la localizzazione subcellulare alterata e le interazioni proteina-proteina. E' stato dimostrato il coinvolgimento di TDP-43 anche nella risposta al danno al DNA (DDR) come componente critico della via di riparazione della rottura del DNA a doppio filamento mediata dal pathway NHEJ. La colocalizzazione di TDP-43 con RNA polimerasi II attiva nei siti di danno al DNA insieme alla proteina di riparazione del danno al DNA, BRCA1, dimostra la sua partecipazione alla prevenzione o alla riparazione del danno al DNA associato con la formazione di R-loop. Inoltre le mutazione nella regione C-terminale sono associate alla perdita della sua importante funzione nucleare e sono nota per essere associate ad R-loops eccessivamente stabili, meccanismi di trascrizione in stallo e DNA stabile aperto. Quindi, a causa di alterazioni o mutazioni di questa ribonucleoproteina, i processi cellulari coinvolti nella modulazione dell'RNA e nella regolazione che cooperano con la risoluzione o la soppressione dei fattori ibridi RNA-DNA sono influenzati, portando a accumulo di R-loops. A sua volta, questo meccanismo aumenta la quantità di trscritti aberranti, che promuovono ulteriormente la neurodegenerazione cellulare. Lo scopo di questo progetto si è basato sull'indagine del ruolo regolatorio del TDP-43 nella formazione di R-loop utilizzando SH-SY5Y, HeLa e LCLs linee cellulari linfoblastoidi derivanti da pazienti affetti da SLA.
Regulatory role of TDP-43 on R-loop formation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
GIANNINI, MARTA
2019-12-20
Abstract
R-loops are three-strand nucleic acid structures constituted by an RNA-DNA hybrid plus a displaced DNA strand (ssDNA) that are naturally involved in cellular processes such as DNA transcription, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA replication or immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching. Their development is favored by specific areas of genome enriched in GC clusters, called GC skew, such as promoter regions, thanks to the thermodynamic stability of RNA-DNA hybrid structure. A certain number of reports suggest that R-loops are formed at a higher frequency in transcribed sites of genomic loci and can act as cotranscriptional intermediates. In some pathological conditions, physiological factors that prevent formation of R-loops are impaired and hence R-loops persistent formation can become a risky outcome with deleterious effects on genome integrity. The consequence of their accumulation is strongly related to genomic instability enhancing the development of ectopic homologous DNA sequences rearrangements, DNA hyper recombination, chromosomal rearrangements or, when abortive, to chromosome loss. It was shown that R-loops are associated with neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease such as Aicardi-Goutière Syndrome (AGS) or with neurodegenerative disorders such as fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, while their relation with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is still under study. ALS is the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease, and is characterized by the progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons from the spinal cord, brain stem, and motor cortex, leading to muscle weakness and eventual respiratory failure. Despite the multifactorial nature of this pathology, TDP-43 was recently identified as the major pathological protein in sporadic ALS. In TDP-43-positive cytoplasmic inclusions, the protein is abnormally phosphorylated, ubiquitinated and truncated resulting in the accumulation of 25-kDa and 35-kDa C-terminal fragment (CTF25 and CTF35), that avoid full length TDP-43 from exerting its nuclear physiological function related to RNA metabolism, including splicing, translation, and transport. Alternatively, TDP-43 mutations (1-2% cases), which mainly cluster in the region encoding the C-terminus glycine-rich lowcomplexity region (LC), may be neurotoxic through a novel gain of-function mechanism, developing features that can be directly connected with the pathology, such as increased aggregation propensity and half-life, altered sub-cellular localization and proteinprotein interactions. Recently, emerging evidence in literature suggests the involvement of TDP-43 even in DNA damage response (DDR) as a critical component of the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway. Colocalization of TDP-43 with active RNA polymerase II at sites of DNA damage along with the DNA damage repair protein, BRCA1, demonstrates its participation in the prevention or repair of R loop associated DNA damage. As a consequence, TDP-43 depletion leads to increased sensitivity to various forms of transcription-associated DNA damage such as R-loops- 2 associated damage and the mutation in C-terminus glycine-rich low-complexity region, LC domains associated with the loss of its important nuclear function, is known to be associated with excessively stable R-loops, stalled transcription machinery and stable open DNA. So due to impairments or mutations of this ribonucleoprotein, cellular processes involved in RNA modulation and regulation cooperating with resolving or suppressing RNA-DNA hybrid factors are affected, leading to accumulation of R-loops. In turn, this mechanism increases the amount of aberrant transcripts, which further promotes cellular neurodegeneration. The aim of this project was based on the investigation of the regulatory role of TDP-43 in R-loops formation using different in vitro cellular model such as SH-SY5Y, HeLa cervical cancer cells and LCLs derived from ALS patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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