Plastic waste is an increasingly urgent environmental problem afflicting all ecosystems of the Earth. The use of fungi as bioremediation resources is increasingly studied as one of the possible solutions to restore environmental compartments. This PhD project fits into this context with the aim of study the complex interaction between fungi and plastic and create a fungal collection described for its properties and potential in the biodegradation of different plastic polymers. During these three doctoral years, a pathway was pursued that first allowed a detailed analysis of the literature that revealed the real potential of fungi and their enzymes in the degradation of plastics. Subsequently, a metagenomic analysis was carried out to observe the changes in fungal communities in concurrence with environmental pollution by plastic. This aspect is of great importance. Indeed, several studies have been done on the effects of plastic on animals, but little is still known about the influence of this pollutant on microorganisms. The results obtained did not show a significant change in the proportions within the communities, but a significant decrease in the metabolism of the fungal strains at the polluted site was observed. Decreased fungal metabolism can be a problem for ecosystems, as fungi play a key role in their proper functioning. Therefore, this study highlighted the negative influence of polluted soil also on microorganisms. The next step was to develop a series of methods to create a fungal collection of strains with high potential in plastic bioremediation. To this end, methods were identified both for selecting strains during the isolation phase and for identifying those with the greatest potential through qualitative enzymatic analysis and growth capacity on plastic polymers. These methods resulted in a collection consisting of 120 fungal strains. The production of enzymes (ligninolytic enzymes, laccase, esterase, and urease) and the growth on virgin polymer powders (polyethylene terephthalate, high-density polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, and a mix of plastic waste called Plasmix) was tested for each strain. The collection consisted mainly of Aspergillus sp., Paecilomyces sp., Fusarium sp., and Penicillium sp., genera already widely known for their use in bioremediation processes. The characterisation of strains and their belonging to genera already reported as useful in plastic bioremediation processes make the collection of high applicative interest. The final stage of this PhD project was the analysis of selected strains to verify their real capacity to biodegrade plastics. To do this, sub-micron X-ray microscopy were performed to observe the fungal penetration in the plastic substrates. The results showed that the selected strain Fusarium verticillioides F02 PL was able to penetrate into PET fragments also changing their chemical characteristics in the area of fracture. This technology, applied for the first time to the biodegradation of plastics by fungi, opens up new perspectives and possible applications for observing the penetration capacity of different fungal strains in plastic substrates that may differ in both chemical and physical nature. In conclusion, this PhD project contributed substantially to the research on the relationship between fungi and plastic, studying it from different perspectives and providing a wild range of fungal strains with high biodegradative potential. Moreover, this project could be the starting point for following application studies of these fungal strains in plastic bioremediation processes.
I rifiuti plastici sono un problema sempre più attuale che affligge tutti gli ecosistemi della Terra. L’utilizzo dei funghi come risorsa nei processi di biorisanamento è stato studiato come una possibile soluzione per migliorare i comparti ambientali. Questo progetto di dottorato si inserisce in questo contesto con lo scopo di studiare le complesse interazioni tra funghi e plastiche e creare una collezione fungina descritta in base alle sue proprietà e potenzialità per la biodegradazione di differenti polimeri plastici. Durante questi tre anni di dottorato, è stato seguito un percorso che ha permesso innanzitutto un'analisi dettagliata della letteratura che ha evidenziato il reale potenziale dei funghi e dei loro enzimi nella degradazione delle materie plastiche. In seguito, è stata effettuata un’analisi metagenomica al fine di osservare i cambiamenti delle comunità fungine in relazione all’inquinamento ambientale da plastiche. I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato una diminuzione significativa del metabolismo dei microorganismi del sito inquinato da plastiche. In seguito, sono stati sviluppati una serie di metodi per creare una collezione di ceppi fungini con alto potenzialità nel biorisanamento da plastica. Questi metodi hanno permesso la creazione di una collezione di 120 ceppi fungini, principalmente appartenenti a Aspergillus sp., Paecilomyces sp., Fusarium sp., and Penicillium sp., generi già ampiamente conosciuti per processi di biorisanamento. Per ogni ceppo è stata testata la produzione di enzimi (enzimi ligninolitici, laccasi, esterasi e ureasi) e la crescita su polveri di polimeri vergini (polietilene tereftalato, polietilene ad alta densità, polistirene, cloruro di polivinile, poliuretano e una miscela di rifiuti plastici chiamata Plasmix). La caratterizzazione dei ceppi e la loro appartenenza a generi utili nei processi di biorisanamento della plastica rendono la collezione di elevato interesse applicativo. Lo stadio finale di questo progetto di dottorato è stata l’analisi di ceppi fungini selezionati al fine di verificarne la reale capacità di degradare le plastiche. Per questo è stata utilizzata la sub-micron X-ray microscopy per osservare la penetrazione dei funghi all’interno dei substrati plastici. I risultati hanno mostrato che il ceppo fungino Fusarium verticillioides F02 PL era in grado di penetrare nei frammenti di PET cambiandone anche le caratteristiche chimiche nell’area di frattura. Questa tecnologia. Applicata per la prima volta alla degradazione della plastica ad opera dei funghi, apre le porte a nuove possibili prospettive e applicazioni nelle capacità di penetrazione di differenti ceppi fungini in substrati plastici che possono differire per natura sia chimica sia fisica. In conclusione, questo progetto di dottorato ha contribuito alla ricerca nella relazione tra funghi e plastica, studiandola da diversi punti di vista e fornendo un’ampia collezione di ceppi fungini con alto potenzialità biodegradativo. Inoltre, questo progetto può essere il punto di partenza per ulteriori future applicazioni nei processi di biorisanamento della plastica.
Fungi degrading plastics: selection and evaluation of their activity
TEMPORITI, MARTA ELISABETTA ELEONORA
2023-04-19
Abstract
Plastic waste is an increasingly urgent environmental problem afflicting all ecosystems of the Earth. The use of fungi as bioremediation resources is increasingly studied as one of the possible solutions to restore environmental compartments. This PhD project fits into this context with the aim of study the complex interaction between fungi and plastic and create a fungal collection described for its properties and potential in the biodegradation of different plastic polymers. During these three doctoral years, a pathway was pursued that first allowed a detailed analysis of the literature that revealed the real potential of fungi and their enzymes in the degradation of plastics. Subsequently, a metagenomic analysis was carried out to observe the changes in fungal communities in concurrence with environmental pollution by plastic. This aspect is of great importance. Indeed, several studies have been done on the effects of plastic on animals, but little is still known about the influence of this pollutant on microorganisms. The results obtained did not show a significant change in the proportions within the communities, but a significant decrease in the metabolism of the fungal strains at the polluted site was observed. Decreased fungal metabolism can be a problem for ecosystems, as fungi play a key role in their proper functioning. Therefore, this study highlighted the negative influence of polluted soil also on microorganisms. The next step was to develop a series of methods to create a fungal collection of strains with high potential in plastic bioremediation. To this end, methods were identified both for selecting strains during the isolation phase and for identifying those with the greatest potential through qualitative enzymatic analysis and growth capacity on plastic polymers. These methods resulted in a collection consisting of 120 fungal strains. The production of enzymes (ligninolytic enzymes, laccase, esterase, and urease) and the growth on virgin polymer powders (polyethylene terephthalate, high-density polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, and a mix of plastic waste called Plasmix) was tested for each strain. The collection consisted mainly of Aspergillus sp., Paecilomyces sp., Fusarium sp., and Penicillium sp., genera already widely known for their use in bioremediation processes. The characterisation of strains and their belonging to genera already reported as useful in plastic bioremediation processes make the collection of high applicative interest. The final stage of this PhD project was the analysis of selected strains to verify their real capacity to biodegrade plastics. To do this, sub-micron X-ray microscopy were performed to observe the fungal penetration in the plastic substrates. The results showed that the selected strain Fusarium verticillioides F02 PL was able to penetrate into PET fragments also changing their chemical characteristics in the area of fracture. This technology, applied for the first time to the biodegradation of plastics by fungi, opens up new perspectives and possible applications for observing the penetration capacity of different fungal strains in plastic substrates that may differ in both chemical and physical nature. In conclusion, this PhD project contributed substantially to the research on the relationship between fungi and plastic, studying it from different perspectives and providing a wild range of fungal strains with high biodegradative potential. Moreover, this project could be the starting point for following application studies of these fungal strains in plastic bioremediation processes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Open Access dal 29/10/2024
Descrizione: Fungi degrading plastics: strain selection and evaluation of their activity
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Tesi di dottorato
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