The main risk factor involved in the recurrence of high-grade cervical lesions related to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) CIN2+ infection after surgical treatment is found in the persistence of the infection and the consequent failure of viral clearance by the immune system. Deregulation of cellular immunity allows HPV genotypes with high oncological risk (HR-HPV) to arrive to “transforming persistent infection” that promotes the development of high-grade lesions and cervical cancer and subsequent increased risk of recurrence after surgical treatment. In this context, neoplastic progression is also characterized by an increased production of cytokines IL6, IL17, IL8, which stimulate TH2 lymphocytes, and a reduced expression of IL1, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, INF-gamma, followed by a failure to recall TH1 lymphocytes. We therefore witness the creation of an imbalance between the TH2 CD4+ lymphocytes and the TH1 CD8+ lymphocytes, thus repressed. A possible clinical indicator of immunological alteration in HPV-induced cervical infections is represented by calculation of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). The aim of the study was to analyze the predictive role of NLR in the recurrence of high-grade CIN (CIN2+) after excisional treatment using the leep technique. The clinical, demographic, virological, biochemical and histological data of 444 patients enrolled in the Colposcopy Service of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia, from 2011 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients referred to the center for an abnormal screening pap test. The data were compared with the NLR value, calculated from data derived from the absolute value of lymphocytes and neutrophils at the time of diagnosis. All patients analyzed were treated according to an established protocol: (colposcopy every 6 months for the first two years, and every year beyond three years) HPV-DNA test, cervical biopsy (esocervical and/or endocervical) performed on admission and at the end of the follow-up. All patients underwent a venous peripheral blood sample to count white blood cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes (values expressed as 10^3 /ml). The sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of the NLR cut-off of 1.34 for the diagnosis of CIN2+ recurrence was 0.76 and 0.67, respectively. The risk of CIN2+ recurrence was significantly higher in patients with NLR < 1.34 (3.7% vs 0.6%, p = 0.033). Recurrendce-free survival at 5 years of follow-up was higher in patients with NLR ≥ 1.34 (97% vs. 93%, p=0.030). This study reporting the following limitation: the retrospective analysis and the low incidence of recurrence may limit the conclusions. In addition, due to the retrospective design of the study, patient comorbidities and lifestyle habits such as smoking were not taken into consideration in the multivariable analysis. On the other hand, the median duration of follow-up in our study was 26 months (IQR 22-31), which fully reflects the incidence of CIN2+ recurrence. In conclusion, although it is well known that CIN2+ lesions are supported by a deregulation of the immune system caused by persistent HPV infection, among the factors determining this alteration of the immunological microenvironment, lymphocytes are the determinants of viral persistence. For this reason, the calculation of the NRL could be a reliable and cost-effective biomarker in predicting the risk of recurrence, especially for high-grade cervical lesions in the clinical setting.
Il principale fattore di rischio coinvolto nella recidiva di lesioni cervicali di alto grado relate all’infezione da Papillomavirus Umano (HPV) CIN2+ dopo trattamento chirurgico, sono da ritrovarsi nella persistenza dell’infezione medesima e nel fallimento conseguente della clearance virale da parte del sistema immunitario dell’ospite. La de-regolazione dell’immunità cellulare consente ai genotipi di HPV al alto rischio oncogeno (HR-HPV) di trasformarsi in “un’infezione persistente trasformante” che promuove lo sviluppo delle lesioni di alto grado e del carcinoma della cervice uterina e il conseguente aumentato rischio di recidiva dopo il trattamento chirurgico. In tale contesto, la progressione neoplastica è inoltre caratterizzata da un’incrementata produzione di citochine IL6, IL17, IL8, stimolanti i linfociti TH2, e una ridotta espressione di IL1, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, INF-gamma, cui segue un mancato richiamo dei linfociti TH1. Si assiste quindi al crearsi di uno squilibrio tra i linfociti TH2 CD4+ e i linfociti TH1 CD8+, così repressi. Un possibile indicatore clinico dell’alterazione immunologica nelle infezioni cervicale indotti da HPV è rappresentato calcolo del rapporto neutrofili-linfociti (NLR). Lo scopo dello studio è stato analizzare il ruolo predittivo della NLR nella recidiva di CIN di alto grado (CIN2+) dopo trattamento escissionale mediante tecnica leep. Sono stati analizzati in modo retrospettivo i dati clinici, demografici, virologici, biochimici e istologici di 444 pazienti, arruolate presso il Servizio di Colposcopia del Dipartimento di ginecologia e ostetricia, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia, dal 2011 al 2020. Le pazienti sono afferite presso il suddetto centro di patologia del basso tratto genitale per un pap test di screening anomalo. I dati sono stati confrontati con il valore di NLR, calcolato dai dati derivati dal valore assoluto di linfociti e neutrofili al momento della diagnosi. Tutti le pazienti analizzate sono state trattate secondo un protocollo stabilito: (colposcopia ogni 6 mesi per i primi due anni, e ogni anno oltre i tre anni,) HPV-DNA test, biopsia cervicale (esocervicale e/o endocervicale) eseguita all'ingresso e alla fine del follow-up. Tutti le pazienti sono state sottoposte a un prelievo di sangue periferico venoso, per il conteggio dei globuli bianchi, dei neutrofili e dei linfociti (valori espressi come 10^3 /ml). La sensibilità (SE) e la specificità (SP) del cut-off di NLR di 1.34 per la diagnosi di recidiva di CIN2+ è stato rispettivamente di 0.76 e 0.67. Il rischio di recidiva di CIN2+ è stato significativamente più elevato nelle pazienti con NLR < 1.34 (3.7% vs 0.6%, p = 0,033). La sopravvivenza libera da recidiva a 5 anni di Follow-up è stata più elevata nelle pazienti con NLR ≥ 1.34 (97% vs. 93%, p=0,030). Tale studio mostra come possibili limitazioni due fattori principali; da una parte l’analisi retrospettiva e la bassa incidenza di recidiva possono limitare le conclusioni. In aggiunta, per il disegno retrospettivo dello studio non sono state prese in considerazione nell’analisi multivariata le comorbidità delle pazienti e abitudini di vita come il fumo, che possono influenzare il valore di NLR. D'altra parte, la durata media del follow-up nel nostro studio è stata però di 26 mesi (IQR 22-31), che riflette pienamente l’incidenza di ricorrenza di recidiva di CIN2+. In conclusione, sebbene sia noto che le lesioni CIN2+ sono sostenute da una de-regolazione del sistema immunitario causata da infezione persistente da HPV, tra i fattori determinati tale alterazione del microambiente immunologico, i linfociti sono i determinanti della persistenza virale. Per tale motivo il calcolo del NRL potrebbe essere un biomarcatore affidabile ed economicamente vantaggioso nel prevedere il rischio di recidiva soprattutto per lesioni cervicali di alto grado in ambito clinico.
Ruolo del Rapporto Neutrofili-Linfociti (NLR) nella valutazione del rischio di recidiva di neoplasia intraepiteliale cervicale di alto grado (CIN2+) dopo trattamento chirurgico
DOMINONI, MATTIA
2024-04-19
Abstract
The main risk factor involved in the recurrence of high-grade cervical lesions related to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) CIN2+ infection after surgical treatment is found in the persistence of the infection and the consequent failure of viral clearance by the immune system. Deregulation of cellular immunity allows HPV genotypes with high oncological risk (HR-HPV) to arrive to “transforming persistent infection” that promotes the development of high-grade lesions and cervical cancer and subsequent increased risk of recurrence after surgical treatment. In this context, neoplastic progression is also characterized by an increased production of cytokines IL6, IL17, IL8, which stimulate TH2 lymphocytes, and a reduced expression of IL1, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, INF-gamma, followed by a failure to recall TH1 lymphocytes. We therefore witness the creation of an imbalance between the TH2 CD4+ lymphocytes and the TH1 CD8+ lymphocytes, thus repressed. A possible clinical indicator of immunological alteration in HPV-induced cervical infections is represented by calculation of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). The aim of the study was to analyze the predictive role of NLR in the recurrence of high-grade CIN (CIN2+) after excisional treatment using the leep technique. The clinical, demographic, virological, biochemical and histological data of 444 patients enrolled in the Colposcopy Service of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia, from 2011 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients referred to the center for an abnormal screening pap test. The data were compared with the NLR value, calculated from data derived from the absolute value of lymphocytes and neutrophils at the time of diagnosis. All patients analyzed were treated according to an established protocol: (colposcopy every 6 months for the first two years, and every year beyond three years) HPV-DNA test, cervical biopsy (esocervical and/or endocervical) performed on admission and at the end of the follow-up. All patients underwent a venous peripheral blood sample to count white blood cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes (values expressed as 10^3 /ml). The sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of the NLR cut-off of 1.34 for the diagnosis of CIN2+ recurrence was 0.76 and 0.67, respectively. The risk of CIN2+ recurrence was significantly higher in patients with NLR < 1.34 (3.7% vs 0.6%, p = 0.033). Recurrendce-free survival at 5 years of follow-up was higher in patients with NLR ≥ 1.34 (97% vs. 93%, p=0.030). This study reporting the following limitation: the retrospective analysis and the low incidence of recurrence may limit the conclusions. In addition, due to the retrospective design of the study, patient comorbidities and lifestyle habits such as smoking were not taken into consideration in the multivariable analysis. On the other hand, the median duration of follow-up in our study was 26 months (IQR 22-31), which fully reflects the incidence of CIN2+ recurrence. In conclusion, although it is well known that CIN2+ lesions are supported by a deregulation of the immune system caused by persistent HPV infection, among the factors determining this alteration of the immunological microenvironment, lymphocytes are the determinants of viral persistence. For this reason, the calculation of the NRL could be a reliable and cost-effective biomarker in predicting the risk of recurrence, especially for high-grade cervical lesions in the clinical setting.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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