This analysis was triggered by the enhancement opportunities Silicon Valley has revealed for industrial districts through the broad exploitation of technological innovation. We wondered whether the innovation spreading within the industrial districts, through employees, can be equally fostered both by widespread exploitation of knowledge systems as by protectionist ones, or whether the existence of a connection between those perspectives and the market structure or the innovativeness of the district can be detected through the study of the non-competition agreement enforcement. To answer the research question, we have developed three models of non-competition agreement enforcement, described through jurisprudential opinions and business practices, to assess the degree of proprietary interest protectionism each model enables. We then empirically measured the thesis’s question within the Israeli legal framework and the security software product sector. The survey results reported the existence of an informal rules framework, observed by the sample interviewed, which is stricter than the Israeli Court's high-tech-related guidelines over employee competition. This unexpected evidence has highlighted the criticalities of the argued relationship between the non-compete agreement's legal framework and the technological innovation spreading within the Israeli security software market. The connection between those legal systems that do not enforce covenants not to compete and the circulation of innovation within the industrial districts has shown as uncertain to prove through the three models. According to the model’s actual operational rules, we have re-designed the former classification since they seem to be inspired by common strongly protectionist perspectives of proprietary interests, and they only seem to diverge as to the enforcement terms stated in the changing general rules or the leading cases. The models can be, therefore, divided into systems adopting a formula stating a general principle that voids the non-competition agreement, subject to exceptions, and systems based on selected cases of enforcement of non-compete. Furthermore, we identified the absence or the deficiency of competitive perspective among the jurisprudential assessment of these clauses as a common gap. This shared perspective also affects the argued connection between the protectionism the jurisprudence expresses and the district innovation or the market structure. Although these legal systems are distinguished by the different general rules over the employee’s right to work, they revealed homogeneous enforcement approaches in terms of protected proprietary interests, and this similarity seems to be echoed by a solid application of the non-competition agreement instrument by the business sector. Therefore, we need to consider all the productive and working field features as they enlighten the existence of a heterogeneous reality to the point that it cannot be traced back to a model only shaped by the legal framework.
Le possibilità di sviluppo per i distretti industriali, originate dallo sfruttamento ampio dell’innovazione tecnologica e promesse dall’esperienza californiana, hanno innescato questa analisi. Ci si è chiesti se la circolazione dell’innovazione nei distretti industriali, attraverso la circolazione dei dipendenti, sia meglio promossa da sistemi di sfruttamento diffuso della conoscenza o da sistemi maggiormente protezionistici degli interessi proprietari. E se l’esistenza di un collegamento tra l’una o l’altra prospettiva e la struttura del mercato, o l’innovatività del distretto, siano rilevabili mediante lo studio delle prassi applicative del patto di non concorrenza. Per rispondere a questo interrogativo si sono elaborati tre modelli di tutela del patto di non concorrenza, descritti in funzione degli orientamenti giurisprudenziali e delle prassi commerciali, per verificare se a ciascuno di essi corrisponda un diverso grado di protezionismo degli interessi proprietari. Sulla base di questa tripartizione si è deciso, poi, di misurare empiricamente l’argomento posto in tesi. Si è individuato quale luogo di sperimentazione della predetta ipotesi, fuori dal distretto californiano, il sistema giuridico israeliano e, quale settore merceologico, il software di sicurezza. I risultati dell’indagine hanno riferito dell’esistenza di un quadro di norme informali, uniformemente osservate dal campione intervistato, più restrittive della concorrenza rispetto a quanto previsto per il settore high-tech dagli orientamenti della corte suprema israeliana. Queste evidenze empiriche, inattese, hanno posto in rilievo le criticità dell’ipotizzato rapporto causale tra la disciplina dei patti limitativi della concorrenza degli ex-dipendenti e la diffusione dell’innovazione all’interno di mercato del software di sicurezza israeliano. Alla luce delle regole operative dei sistemi giuridici si è ripensata la tripartizione dei modelli, secondo lo schema assunto in dottrina. I tre sistemi analizzati sono infatti ispirati da prospettive fortemente protezionistiche degli interessi proprietari e divergono nelle prassi applicative giudiziali nei limiti previsti dalla regola generale ovvero dal precedente di riferimento I modelli sembrano distinguersi in sistemi che adottano una formula enunciante un principio generale di invalidità del patto di non concorrenza, salve eccezioni, e sistemi fondati su particolari ipotesi di validità delle stesse clausole. Si è inoltre rilevata una comune lacuna nell’assente o carente valutazione giurisprudenziale di queste clausole in prospettiva concorrenziale. Questa trasversale prospettiva protezionistica allenta anche l’ipotizzata corrispondenza tra il diverso grado di protezionismo, espresso dalle prassi applicative giurisprudenziali, e il grado di innovatività del distretto o la struttura del mercato. Infatti, ancorché distinti in astratto dalle diverse regole generali in materia di circolazione del dipendente, i sistemi giuridici analizzati hanno rivelato approcci applicativi per contro omogenei quanto agli interessi proprietari e a questa sostanziale somiglianza sembra fare eco un’applicazione compatta da parte del comparto imprenditoriale dello strumento del patto di non concorrenza. Emerge quindi la necessità di considerare tutte le peculiarità del segmento produttivo e lavorativo di volta in volta analizzato, che insieme riferiscono di una realtà eterogenea al punto tale da non poter essere ricondotta a un modello strutturato dal solo sistema giuridico.
CIRCOLAZIONE DEI DIPENDENTI E CIRCOLAZIONE DELL’INNOVAZIONE: POSSIBILITÀ E LIMITI DI UNO SFRUTTAMENTO DELLE TECNOLOGIE ALLARGATO AI DISTRETTI INDUSTRIALI
TOSCHI, KATRIN
2024-07-10
Abstract
This analysis was triggered by the enhancement opportunities Silicon Valley has revealed for industrial districts through the broad exploitation of technological innovation. We wondered whether the innovation spreading within the industrial districts, through employees, can be equally fostered both by widespread exploitation of knowledge systems as by protectionist ones, or whether the existence of a connection between those perspectives and the market structure or the innovativeness of the district can be detected through the study of the non-competition agreement enforcement. To answer the research question, we have developed three models of non-competition agreement enforcement, described through jurisprudential opinions and business practices, to assess the degree of proprietary interest protectionism each model enables. We then empirically measured the thesis’s question within the Israeli legal framework and the security software product sector. The survey results reported the existence of an informal rules framework, observed by the sample interviewed, which is stricter than the Israeli Court's high-tech-related guidelines over employee competition. This unexpected evidence has highlighted the criticalities of the argued relationship between the non-compete agreement's legal framework and the technological innovation spreading within the Israeli security software market. The connection between those legal systems that do not enforce covenants not to compete and the circulation of innovation within the industrial districts has shown as uncertain to prove through the three models. According to the model’s actual operational rules, we have re-designed the former classification since they seem to be inspired by common strongly protectionist perspectives of proprietary interests, and they only seem to diverge as to the enforcement terms stated in the changing general rules or the leading cases. The models can be, therefore, divided into systems adopting a formula stating a general principle that voids the non-competition agreement, subject to exceptions, and systems based on selected cases of enforcement of non-compete. Furthermore, we identified the absence or the deficiency of competitive perspective among the jurisprudential assessment of these clauses as a common gap. This shared perspective also affects the argued connection between the protectionism the jurisprudence expresses and the district innovation or the market structure. Although these legal systems are distinguished by the different general rules over the employee’s right to work, they revealed homogeneous enforcement approaches in terms of protected proprietary interests, and this similarity seems to be echoed by a solid application of the non-competition agreement instrument by the business sector. Therefore, we need to consider all the productive and working field features as they enlighten the existence of a heterogeneous reality to the point that it cannot be traced back to a model only shaped by the legal framework.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: CIRCOLAZIONE DEI DIPENDENTI E CIRCOLAZIONE DELL’INNOVAZIONE: POSSIBILITÀ E LIMITI DI UNO SFRUTTAMENTO DELLE TECNOLOGIE ALLARGATO AI DISTRETTI INDUSTRIALI.
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