The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is the primary arboviral vector in Europe where its establishment has resulted in autochthonous dengue and chikungunya cases since the early 2000s. In the wild, arbovirus prevalence in mosquitoes is low and mosquito virome is mainly composed of insect-specific viruses (ISVs). ISVs are viruses whose replication is restricted to insects. They are phylogenetically variable and can be found in all viral genera that also include arboviruses. For instance, the Orthoflavivirus genus, which contains epidemiologically relevant viruses such as dengue, yellow fever, Zika and West Nile viruses, also hosts several ISVs, including the cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV). CFAV is the first-isolated ISV from mosquitoes and it was shown to alter arbovirus replication and dissemination in co-infection experiments. These results triggered the idea of its possible use as a novel biological control agent to control arboviral infections. CFAV is usually considered a symbiont, but systematic studies on consequences of its infection in mosquitoes are limited. Viral infections in mosquitoes can result in tolerance, when a persistent infection is established without fitness effects, or resistance, when mosquitoes directly act on limiting viral replication. Recently, the reduction of mosquito tolerance towards arboviral infections has been argued to be a more evolutionary-sustainable control strategy with respect to increase in resistance. However, ISV-mosquito interactions have been largely unexplored. To this end, I studied the interactions between CFAV and Ae. albopictus under the framework of tolerance to characterise fitness consequences of viral infection and immunological responses in mosquitoes. I also investigated viral replication kinetics, immunity responses, and the reproductive capacity of infected mosquitoes. I further studied viral transmission routes based on recent literature data questioning CFAV vertical transmission, which has been hypothesised to be the main transmission route for ISVs. I show that CFAV infection results in different levels of tolerance across strains, that reproductive traits are unaltered upon CFAV infection, and that CFAV is not vertically transmitted, but maintained in mosquito populations through venereal transmission.
La zanzara tigre asiatica Aedes albopictus è il principale vettore arbovirale in Europa, dove il suo insediamento ha provocato casi autoctoni di dengue e chikungunya a partire dai primi anni 2000. In natura, la prevalenza degli arbovirus nelle zanzare è bassa ed il viroma delle zanzare è composto principalmente da virus insetto-specifici (ISV). Gli ISV sono virus la cui replicazione è limitata agli insetti. Gli ISV si trovano in tutti i generi virali che comprendono anche gli arbovirus. Ad esempio, il genere Orthoflavivirus, che contiene virus epidemiologicamente rilevanti come il virus dengue, il virus della febbre gialla, il virus Zika ed il virus del Nilo occidentale, ospita anche diversi ISV, tra cui il Cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV). CFAV è il primo ISV ad essere stato isolato dalle zanzare ed è stato visto che è capace di alterare la replicazione e la disseminazione degli arbovirus in esperimenti di coinfezione. Questi risultati hanno fatto nascere l’idea di un suo possibile utilizzo come nuovo agente di controllo biologico. CFAV è generalmente considerato un virus simbionte, ma studi sistematici sulle conseguenze della sua infezione nelle zanzare sono limitati. La risposta ad un’infezione virale implica due strategie diverse: tolleranza, quando la zanzara modifica la sua omeostasi e raggiunge un equilibrio con il virus, stabilendo un’infezione persistente senza effetti sulla fitness, o resistenza, quando le zanzare agiscono direttamente contro il virus per limitarne la replicazione. Recentemente è stato proposto che la riduzione della tolleranza delle zanzare nei confronti delle infezioni arbovirali sia una strategia di controllo più sostenibile dal punto di vista evolutivo rispetto all’aumento della loro resistenza perché la tolleranza non implica una arm-race evolutiva con il virus. Ho studiato le interazioni tra CFAV e Ae. albopictus per caratterizzare le conseguenze dell’infezione virale sulla fitness delle zanzare. Ho anche studiato la cinetica della replicazione virale, le risposte immunitarie e la capacità riproduttiva delle zanzare infette. Ho studiato inoltre le vie di trasmissione virale in quanto recenti dati di letteratura mettono in dubbio la trasmissione verticale di CFAV, ipotizzata come la principale via di trasmissione dei ISV. Ho dimostrato che: 1) l’infezione da CFAV comporta diversi livelli di tolleranza tra i vari ceppi di zanzara, 2) i tratti riproduttivi sono inalterati in seguito all’infezione da CFAV e 3) CFAV non è trasmesso verticalmente, ma si mantiene nelle popolazioni di zanzare attraverso trasmissione venerea.
Uno sguardo alle interazioni tra Aedes albopictus e l'orthoflavivirus Cell-fusing agent virus, virus insetto-specifico
SOGLIANI, DAVIDE
2024-12-17
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is the primary arboviral vector in Europe where its establishment has resulted in autochthonous dengue and chikungunya cases since the early 2000s. In the wild, arbovirus prevalence in mosquitoes is low and mosquito virome is mainly composed of insect-specific viruses (ISVs). ISVs are viruses whose replication is restricted to insects. They are phylogenetically variable and can be found in all viral genera that also include arboviruses. For instance, the Orthoflavivirus genus, which contains epidemiologically relevant viruses such as dengue, yellow fever, Zika and West Nile viruses, also hosts several ISVs, including the cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV). CFAV is the first-isolated ISV from mosquitoes and it was shown to alter arbovirus replication and dissemination in co-infection experiments. These results triggered the idea of its possible use as a novel biological control agent to control arboviral infections. CFAV is usually considered a symbiont, but systematic studies on consequences of its infection in mosquitoes are limited. Viral infections in mosquitoes can result in tolerance, when a persistent infection is established without fitness effects, or resistance, when mosquitoes directly act on limiting viral replication. Recently, the reduction of mosquito tolerance towards arboviral infections has been argued to be a more evolutionary-sustainable control strategy with respect to increase in resistance. However, ISV-mosquito interactions have been largely unexplored. To this end, I studied the interactions between CFAV and Ae. albopictus under the framework of tolerance to characterise fitness consequences of viral infection and immunological responses in mosquitoes. I also investigated viral replication kinetics, immunity responses, and the reproductive capacity of infected mosquitoes. I further studied viral transmission routes based on recent literature data questioning CFAV vertical transmission, which has been hypothesised to be the main transmission route for ISVs. I show that CFAV infection results in different levels of tolerance across strains, that reproductive traits are unaltered upon CFAV infection, and that CFAV is not vertically transmitted, but maintained in mosquito populations through venereal transmission.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Sogliani_PhD_thesis_FINAL (after revision)_with_APPENDIX_B5.pdf
embargo fino al 28/06/2026
Descrizione: A look into the interactions between Aedes albopictus and the insect-specific orthoflavivirus Cell-fusing agent virus
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Tesi di dottorato
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4.84 MB
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