In this collection of studies, we investigated the potential of different biological fluids and tissues as sources of biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease (PD), spanning from the prodromal to the clinically manifest stage. At the prodromal stage, Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder (iRBD), we focused on olfactory neurons (ONs), which constitute one of the earliest sites affected by PD-related pathology. Using ONs, we explored the prokineticin system—a molecular pathway involved in the protection of dopaminergic neurons against cellular stress. Our findings revealed a downregulation of this system in individuals with iRBD compared with healthy controls, suggesting an early impairment of neuroprotective mechanisms several years before the onset of overt neurodegeneration. At the clinically manifest stage of PD, we extended our investigation to biomarkers derived from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. As for CSF, we focused on the α-synuclein seed amplification assay (CSF-αSyn-SAA), a recently validated diagnostic tool that enables highly accurate discrimination between individuals with PD and healthy subjects. Here, we expanded the application of this assay, demonstrating its ability to differentiate PD subtypes and to predict the long-term disease progression. Regarding blood-based biomarkers, plasma analyses were performed to explore biochemical correlates of the clinical benefits associated with physical exercise in PD. In this context, we identified altered plasma levels of irisin—a myokine mediating exercise-induced neuroprotection—in endurance athletes with PD compared with healthy controls. In conclusion, by combining markers from different tissues and employing multiple assays, these results contribute to a better understanding of neurodegenerative mechanisms and to the improvement of early diagnosis and monitoring in PD.
In questa raccolta di studi, abbiamo indagato il potenziale di diversi fluidi biologici e tessuti come fonti di biomarcatori per la malattia di Parkinson (PD). Per fase prodromica di PD, rappresentata dal Disturbo Comportamentale del Sonno REM Idiopatico (iRBD), ci siamo concentrati sui neuroni olfattivi (ON), che costituiscono uno dei primi siti colpiti dalla patologia correlata alla PD. Utilizzando gli ON, abbiamo esplorato il sistema delle prochineticine — una via molecolare coinvolta nella protezione dei neuroni dopaminergici dallo stress cellulare. I nostri risultati hanno evidenziato una ridotta espressione di questo sistema negli individui con iRBD rispetto ai controlli sani, suggerendo un precoce deterioramento dei meccanismi neuroprotettivi diversi anni prima dell’esordio della neurodegenerazione conclamata. Nella fase clinicamente manifesta di PD, abbiamo esteso la nostra indagine ai biomarcatori derivati dal liquido cerebrospinale (CSF) e dal sangue. Per quanto riguarda il CSF, ci siamo focalizzati sul CSF-αSyn-SAA, un strumento diagnostico recentemente validato che consente di distinguere con elevata accuratezza i soggetti affetti da PD dai soggetti sani. In questo contesto, abbiamo ampliato l’applicazione del test, dimostrando la sua capacità di differenziare i sottotipi di PD e di predire la progressione della malattia a lungo termine. Per quanto concerne i biomarcatori ematici, sono state condotte analisi plasmatiche volte a esplorare i correlati biochimici dei benefici clinici associati all’esercizio fisico nel PD. In tale ambito, abbiamo identificato livelli plasmatici alterati di irisina — una miochina che media la neuroprotezione indotta dall’esercizio — negli atleti di endurance affetti da PD rispetto ai controlli sani. In conclusione, combinando marcatori provenienti da diversi tessuti e impiegando molteplici metodiche, questi risultati contribuiscono a una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi neurodegenerativi ed al miglioramento della diagnosi precoce di PD e del suo monitoraggio a lungo termine.
Biomarcatori fluidi e tissutali nella Malattia di Parkinson: dallo stadio prodromico allo stadio clinicamente manifesto
GRILLO, PIERGIORGIO
2025-12-16
Abstract
In this collection of studies, we investigated the potential of different biological fluids and tissues as sources of biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease (PD), spanning from the prodromal to the clinically manifest stage. At the prodromal stage, Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder (iRBD), we focused on olfactory neurons (ONs), which constitute one of the earliest sites affected by PD-related pathology. Using ONs, we explored the prokineticin system—a molecular pathway involved in the protection of dopaminergic neurons against cellular stress. Our findings revealed a downregulation of this system in individuals with iRBD compared with healthy controls, suggesting an early impairment of neuroprotective mechanisms several years before the onset of overt neurodegeneration. At the clinically manifest stage of PD, we extended our investigation to biomarkers derived from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. As for CSF, we focused on the α-synuclein seed amplification assay (CSF-αSyn-SAA), a recently validated diagnostic tool that enables highly accurate discrimination between individuals with PD and healthy subjects. Here, we expanded the application of this assay, demonstrating its ability to differentiate PD subtypes and to predict the long-term disease progression. Regarding blood-based biomarkers, plasma analyses were performed to explore biochemical correlates of the clinical benefits associated with physical exercise in PD. In this context, we identified altered plasma levels of irisin—a myokine mediating exercise-induced neuroprotection—in endurance athletes with PD compared with healthy controls. In conclusion, by combining markers from different tissues and employing multiple assays, these results contribute to a better understanding of neurodegenerative mechanisms and to the improvement of early diagnosis and monitoring in PD.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
tesi_DEFINITIVA_pdfA.pdf
embargo fino al 27/06/2027
Descrizione: Fluid and Tissue Biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease: From the Prodromal to the Clinically Manifest Stage
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Dimensione
3.42 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
3.42 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri Richiedi una copia |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


