Background The eFAST ultrasound is a rapid, non-invasive, and easily repeatable bedside diagnostic method. Its use allows for the timely identification of blood collections in the intraperitoneal, pericardial, and pleural spaces, as well as the detection of pneumothorax, with average execution times of less than five minutes. Although numerous studies have evaluated its diagnostic accuracy, the results reported in the literature appear heterogeneous, reflecting the variability of clinical contexts, the operators involved, and the outcomes considered. In this scenario, further analyses conducted in uncontrolled clinical settings and on heterogeneous populations are fundamental to better define the potential and application limits of the method. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the eFAST ultrasound in polytrauma patients centralized at the emergency department of the reference trauma center. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted by querying the computer system for patients presenting to the emergency department between January 2023 and December 2023 for polytrauma. Inclusion criteria required the performance of an eFAST ultrasound in the acute phase, followed by a thoraco-abdominal CT scan. For each patient, the ultrasound report from the eFAST performed in the emergency department was compared with the report from the Total Body CT. Trauma severity was categorized by calculating the AIS score for each district, followed by the ISS. The main indicators of diagnostic accuracy— sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, NPV, LR+, and LR- were calculated for each explored district. Finally, a binomial regression was conducted to search for interference from other variables in the comparison between the two methods. Results During the period considered, the clinical records of 356 patients were analysed; of these, 209 were included in the study. The eFAST exam showed a sensitivity of 30% for right and left pneumothorax; 30% and 25% for right and left haemothorax; 14% for the pericardial district; 47.7% for hepato-renal effusion; and 40% and 21% for the spleno- renal and suprapubic spaces, respectively. Specificity remained within a range between 97% and 100%. Accuracy was found to be between 85% and 95%. The LR+ was greater than 10 for all investigations. The binomial logistic regression for the covariates of ISS score, age, and days of hospitalization demonstrated a positive association between improved diagnostic accuracy and increased trauma severity, and a worsening of accuracy as patient age increased. Conclusions The results of the study confirm that eFAST ultrasound represents an effective diagnostic tool for strengthening clinical hypotheses in the presence of symptoms or signs of haemorrhage or pneumothorax. The high specificity found allows a positive result to be considered strongly indicative of pathology. The exam becomes much more accurate in the presence of severe lesions, while it loses sensitivity in patients with clinically non- significant lesions or advanced age.
Introduzione: L’ecografia eFAST è una metodica ultrasonografica bedside, rapida, non invasiva e facilmente ripetibile. Il suo impiego consente l’identificazione tempestiva di versamenti ematici in sede intraperitoneale, pericardica e pleurica, nonché la rilevazione di pneumotorace, con tempi medi di esecuzione inferiori ai cinque minuti. Sebbene numerosi studi ne abbiano valutato l’accuratezza diagnostica, i risultati riportati in letteratura appaiono eterogenei, riflettendo la variabilità dei contesti clinici, degli operatori coinvolti e degli esiti considerati. In tale scenario, ulteriori analisi condotte in contesti clinici non controllati e su popolazioni eterogenee risultano fondamentali per definire meglio le potenzialità e i limiti applicativi della metodica. Scopo del presente studio è valutare l’accuratezza diagnostica dell’ecografia eFAST nei pazienti con politrauma centralizzati presso il pronto soccorso del trauma center di riferimento. Materiali e metodi: È stata condotta un’analisi retrospettiva, interrogando il sistema informatico, sui pazienti afferenti al pronto soccorso tra gennaio 2023 e dicembre 2023 per politrauma. I criteri di inclusione prevedevano l’esecuzione di ecografia eFAST in fase acuta, seguita da TC toracoaddominale. Per ciascun paziente è stato confrontato il referto ecografico dell’eFAST eseguita in pronto soccorso con il referto della TC Total Body. La graività del trauma è stata catalogata secondo calcolo del punteggio AIS di ogni distretto seguito dall’ISS. Sono stati calcolati i principali indicatori di accuratezza diagnostica, sensibilità, specificità, accuratezza, PPV, NPV, LR+ e LR-. per ciascun distretto esplorato. Infine, è stata condotta una regressione binomiale alla ricerca dell’interferenza di altre variabili nel confronto tra le metodiche. Risultati: Nel periodo considerato sono state analizzate le cartelle cliniche di 356 pazienti, di questi, 209 sono rientrati nello studio. L’esame eFAST, per lo pneumotorace destro e sinistro ha mostrato una sensibilità del 30%; per l’emotorace destro e sinistro del 30% e 25%; per il distretto pericardico ha evidenziato una sensibilità del 14%; per il versamento epato-renale del 47,7%, mentre per lo spazio spleno-renale e sovra-pubico del 40% e 21% rispettivamente. La specificità si è mantenuta in un range tra 97% e 100%. L’accuratezza è risultata compresa tra 85% e 95%. Il LR+ è risultato superiore a 10 per tutte le indagini. La regressione logistica binomiale per le covariate di punteggio ISS, età e giorni di degenza ha dimostrato un’associazione positiva tra miglioramento dell’accuratezza diagnostica per l’aumento di gravità del trauma e un peggioramento della stessa all’aumentare dell’età dei pazienti. Conclusioni: I risultati dello studio confermano che l’ecografia eFAST rappresenta uno strumento diagnostico efficace per rafforzare l’ipotesi clinica in presenza di sintomi o segni di emorragia o pneumotorace. L’elevata specificità riscontrata permette di considerare un risultato positivo come fortemente indicativo di patologia. L’esame diventa molto più accurato in presenza di lesioni gravi, mentre perde sensibilità nei pazienti con lesioni clinicamente non significative o di età avanzata.
Valutazione dell’accuratezza dell’ecografia EFAST in Pronto Soccorso nel trauma maggiore. Risultati preliminari da un trauma center regionale.
DEMITRY, LORENZO
2026-05-25
Abstract
Background The eFAST ultrasound is a rapid, non-invasive, and easily repeatable bedside diagnostic method. Its use allows for the timely identification of blood collections in the intraperitoneal, pericardial, and pleural spaces, as well as the detection of pneumothorax, with average execution times of less than five minutes. Although numerous studies have evaluated its diagnostic accuracy, the results reported in the literature appear heterogeneous, reflecting the variability of clinical contexts, the operators involved, and the outcomes considered. In this scenario, further analyses conducted in uncontrolled clinical settings and on heterogeneous populations are fundamental to better define the potential and application limits of the method. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the eFAST ultrasound in polytrauma patients centralized at the emergency department of the reference trauma center. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted by querying the computer system for patients presenting to the emergency department between January 2023 and December 2023 for polytrauma. Inclusion criteria required the performance of an eFAST ultrasound in the acute phase, followed by a thoraco-abdominal CT scan. For each patient, the ultrasound report from the eFAST performed in the emergency department was compared with the report from the Total Body CT. Trauma severity was categorized by calculating the AIS score for each district, followed by the ISS. The main indicators of diagnostic accuracy— sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, NPV, LR+, and LR- were calculated for each explored district. Finally, a binomial regression was conducted to search for interference from other variables in the comparison between the two methods. Results During the period considered, the clinical records of 356 patients were analysed; of these, 209 were included in the study. The eFAST exam showed a sensitivity of 30% for right and left pneumothorax; 30% and 25% for right and left haemothorax; 14% for the pericardial district; 47.7% for hepato-renal effusion; and 40% and 21% for the spleno- renal and suprapubic spaces, respectively. Specificity remained within a range between 97% and 100%. Accuracy was found to be between 85% and 95%. The LR+ was greater than 10 for all investigations. The binomial logistic regression for the covariates of ISS score, age, and days of hospitalization demonstrated a positive association between improved diagnostic accuracy and increased trauma severity, and a worsening of accuracy as patient age increased. Conclusions The results of the study confirm that eFAST ultrasound represents an effective diagnostic tool for strengthening clinical hypotheses in the presence of symptoms or signs of haemorrhage or pneumothorax. The high specificity found allows a positive result to be considered strongly indicative of pathology. The exam becomes much more accurate in the presence of severe lesions, while it loses sensitivity in patients with clinically non- significant lesions or advanced age.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Tesi dottorato Lorenzo Demitry
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