The present research project aims to provide a comprehensive study of locally produced materials—particularly ceramics—recovered during archaeological investigations carried out at the pre-Roman site of San Cassiano di Crespino (RO) between 1994 and 2004. These excavations, undertaken by the University of Pavia in collaboration with the University of Ferrara, were conducted under the scientific direction of Professor Maurizio Harari. Although two decades have passed since the conclusion of the fieldwork, the scientific potential of the excavation data has by no means been exhausted. In those years, several studies shed light on specific aspects of the settlement and its material culture, but despite this framework, the substantial body of locally produced ceramics—preserved in more than 45 crates at the Museo dei Grandi Fiumi in Rovigo—had not yet been examined in its entirety. The research therefore proposes a new typology developed on an empirical visual basis leading to the distinction of the materials into four classes. The ceramics have been divided into four main classes—bucchero and related productions, fine ware, coarse ware, and coarse non-turned ware—alongside categories of non-vascular artefacts, including textile tools and building materials. This reassessment has made it possible to refine the chronological, technological, and functional aspects of the productions, providing new evidence for reconstructing local craft practices and the socio-economic dynamics of the settlement. The contextualisation of the ceramic assemblage of San Cassiano within the Etruscan–Padanian framework has simultaneously highlighted the strong interaction with the Veneto region, which is also evident at the architectural level. The site represents one of the rare examples in the Etruscan Po Valley characterised by the adoption of mixed construction techniques, combining foundations made of trachyte of Veneto origin with structures built in perishable materials, as well as by the presence of heavy roofing systems equipped with decorative elements, including an antepagmentum attributable to Orvietan models. Alongside the ceramic study, the project addresses broader interpretative issues, with particular attention paid to the relationship between the settlement and its environmental and palaeohydrographic context. The reconstruction of the ancient landscape of the Po delta is in fact crucial for understanding the economic strategies, mobility patterns, and networks of communication and exchange that, between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE, connected San Cassiano with the main centres of the region and with Mediterranean trade circuits. A further line of research consisted in the creation of a Geographic Information System (GIS) aimed at the digitisation and georeferencing of the excavation documentation, enabling the reintegration of the materials into their original stratigraphic and topographic contexts and the development of diachronic spatial and functional analyses. Particular attention has also been devoted to cultural and social aspects, especially consumption practices and tableware, leading to the hypothesis of banquet services of a hybrid composition, in which locally produced vessels coexisted with imported wares, primarily of Attic origin. Overall, the research seeks to define the role of San Cassiano as a complex and long-lived settlement in a border area of the Po delta, closely connected with Adria and its hinterland. In this perspective, the study contributes to a renewed interpretation of the Etruscan presence in northern Italy, shedding light on processes of cultural interaction, adaptation, and hybridisation within a strategic zone of contact between the Mediterranean and continental Europe.
Il progetto di ricerca è finalizzato a una revisione sistematica delle ceramiche di produzione locale provenienti dal sito preromano di San Cassiano di Crespino (RO), oggetto di indagini archeologiche condotte tra il 1994 e il 2004 dall’Università di Pavia in collaborazione con l’Università di Ferrara, sotto la direzione scientifica del Prof. Maurizio Harari. A distanza di oltre vent’anni dalla conclusione degli scavi, il potenziale interpretativo della documentazione non risulta esaurito: sebbene studi precedenti abbiano approfondito specifici aspetti dell’insediamento e della sua cultura materiale, l’ampio campione delle produzioni locali, conservato in oltre 45 casse presso il Museo dei Grandi Fiumi di Rovigo, non era mai stato oggetto di un’analisi organica e complessiva. La ricerca propone pertanto una rilettura integrale di tale insieme attraverso l’elaborazione di una nuova tipologia basata su criteri empirici e sull’analisi macroscopica dei materiali. Le ceramiche sono state suddivise in quattro principali classi — bucchero e produzioni affini, ceramica depurata, ceramica grossolana e ceramica grossolana non tornita — affiancate da categorie di manufatti non vascolari, comprendenti strumenti per la lavorazione tessile e materiali edilizi. Questo riesame ha consentito di precisare gli aspetti cronologici, tecnologici e funzionali delle produzioni, offrendo nuovi elementi per la ricostruzione delle pratiche artigianali e delle dinamiche socio-economiche dell’insediamento. L’inquadramento del repertorio ceramico di San Cassiano all’interno del contesto etrusco-padano ha messo in evidenza, al contempo, la forte interazione con l’area veneta, riscontrabile anche sul piano architettonico. Il sito si configura infatti come uno dei rari casi nella valle padana etrusca caratterizzati dall’adozione di tecniche costruttive miste, con fondazioni in trachite di ascendenza veneta associate a strutture in materiali deperibili, nonché dalla presenza di coperture pesanti corredate da apparati decorativi, tra cui una cortina pendula di gronda riconducibile a modelli orvietani. Accanto allo studio ceramico, il progetto affronta problematiche di più ampio respiro interpretativo, con particolare attenzione al rapporto tra l’insediamento e il suo contesto ambientale e paleoidrografico. La ricostruzione del paesaggio antico del delta del Po risulta infatti determinante per comprendere le strategie economiche, le forme di mobilità e le reti di comunicazione e scambio che, tra il VI e il IV secolo a.C., collegavano San Cassiano ai principali centri dell’area e ai circuiti commerciali di ambito mediterraneo. Ulteriore elemento di ricerca è stato rappresentato dalla realizzazione di un sistema informativo territoriale (GIS) finalizzato alla digitalizzazione e georeferenziazione della documentazione di scavo, tale da consentire il reinserimento dei materiali nei rispettivi contesti stratigrafici e topografici e per lo sviluppo di analisi spaziali e funzionali diacroniche. Particolare attenzione è stata inoltre dedicata agli aspetti culturali e sociali, in particolare alle pratiche di consumo e al vasellame da mensa, ipotizzando l’esistenza di servizi da banchetto a composizione ibrida, nei quali produzioni locali e materiali di importazione, soprattutto attica, coesistevano. Nel complesso, la ricerca mira a definire il ruolo di San Cassiano come insediamento complesso e duraturo in un’area di confine del delta padano, strettamente connesso ad Adria e al suo hinterland. In tal senso, lo studio contribuisce a una rinnovata interpretazione della presenza etrusca nell’Italia settentrionale, mettendo in luce processi di interazione culturale, adattamento e ibridazione in un contesto strategico di raccordo tra il Mediterraneo e l’Europa continentale.
Etruschi di frontiera. I materiali di produzione locale dal complesso di San Cassiano di Crespino (RO) nel quadro della presenza etrusca in area deltizio-polesana.
GARATTI, GIORGIO
2026-09-03
Abstract
The present research project aims to provide a comprehensive study of locally produced materials—particularly ceramics—recovered during archaeological investigations carried out at the pre-Roman site of San Cassiano di Crespino (RO) between 1994 and 2004. These excavations, undertaken by the University of Pavia in collaboration with the University of Ferrara, were conducted under the scientific direction of Professor Maurizio Harari. Although two decades have passed since the conclusion of the fieldwork, the scientific potential of the excavation data has by no means been exhausted. In those years, several studies shed light on specific aspects of the settlement and its material culture, but despite this framework, the substantial body of locally produced ceramics—preserved in more than 45 crates at the Museo dei Grandi Fiumi in Rovigo—had not yet been examined in its entirety. The research therefore proposes a new typology developed on an empirical visual basis leading to the distinction of the materials into four classes. The ceramics have been divided into four main classes—bucchero and related productions, fine ware, coarse ware, and coarse non-turned ware—alongside categories of non-vascular artefacts, including textile tools and building materials. This reassessment has made it possible to refine the chronological, technological, and functional aspects of the productions, providing new evidence for reconstructing local craft practices and the socio-economic dynamics of the settlement. The contextualisation of the ceramic assemblage of San Cassiano within the Etruscan–Padanian framework has simultaneously highlighted the strong interaction with the Veneto region, which is also evident at the architectural level. The site represents one of the rare examples in the Etruscan Po Valley characterised by the adoption of mixed construction techniques, combining foundations made of trachyte of Veneto origin with structures built in perishable materials, as well as by the presence of heavy roofing systems equipped with decorative elements, including an antepagmentum attributable to Orvietan models. Alongside the ceramic study, the project addresses broader interpretative issues, with particular attention paid to the relationship between the settlement and its environmental and palaeohydrographic context. The reconstruction of the ancient landscape of the Po delta is in fact crucial for understanding the economic strategies, mobility patterns, and networks of communication and exchange that, between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE, connected San Cassiano with the main centres of the region and with Mediterranean trade circuits. A further line of research consisted in the creation of a Geographic Information System (GIS) aimed at the digitisation and georeferencing of the excavation documentation, enabling the reintegration of the materials into their original stratigraphic and topographic contexts and the development of diachronic spatial and functional analyses. Particular attention has also been devoted to cultural and social aspects, especially consumption practices and tableware, leading to the hypothesis of banquet services of a hybrid composition, in which locally produced vessels coexisted with imported wares, primarily of Attic origin. Overall, the research seeks to define the role of San Cassiano as a complex and long-lived settlement in a border area of the Po delta, closely connected with Adria and its hinterland. In this perspective, the study contributes to a renewed interpretation of the Etruscan presence in northern Italy, shedding light on processes of cultural interaction, adaptation, and hybridisation within a strategic zone of contact between the Mediterranean and continental Europe.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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