Protein function depends critically on the acquisition and maintenance of a correct three-dimensional structure. Incorrect folding can lead to the formation of misfolded states and protein aggregation, contributing to the development of severe diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Molecular chaperones play a central role in maintaining cellular proteostasis, assisting non-native proteins in reaching functional conformations and preventing their aggregation. Among these, the Heat Shock Protein (Hsp) family, particularly Hsp90, Hsp70 and Hsp40, regulates protein maturation through ATP-dependent conformational cycles under allosteric control. Despite extensive structural and biochemical characterisation, the molecular mechanisms coordinating chaperone dynamics, allosteric regulation and client protein processing remain incompletely understood. This thesis uses molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the conformational mechanisms underlying Hsp90 function, with particular focus on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) maturation. Equilibrium MD simulations of structurally characterised intermediates of the Hsp90–GR cycle were employed to analyse the molecular determinants of client maturation and release, as well as the role of co-chaperones in regulating alternative maturation pathways. The simulations identified specific interactions and conformational changes underlying these different outcomes. Non-equilibrium MD simulations were also used to characterise the structural response of Hsp90 to ATP hydrolysis. The results revealed pronounced asymmetric displacements between the two Hsp90 monomers, providing evidence for a previously underappreciated mechanism that may contribute to functional asymmetry during the chaperone cycle and to the coupling between nucleotide state and client processing. The effects of phosphorylation of two serine residues within the charged loop of Hsp90β were also investigated. Comparative MD simulations revealed changes in conformational flexibility, hydrogen-bonding patterns, inter-domain communication, and interactions with clients and co-chaperones. These results provide a molecular-level description of how phosphorylation can alter the Hsp90 conformational ensemble and modulate its functional states. Finally, a novel computational framework was developed to investigate protein allostery from a conformational ensemble perspective. Unlike approaches based on a fixed structural reference, the proposed method combines the ensemble model of allostery with a Gaussian description of shifts in equilibrium distributions, enabling reference-free comparison of conformational fluctuations across different regions of the protein. Preliminary applications demonstrate the ability of the method to identify residues and communication pathways involved in ligand recognition and long-range signalling. Overall, this thesis integrates equilibrium and non-equilibrium MD simulations with advanced computational analyses to provide a mechanistic description of Hsp90-mediated protein maturation, ATP-dependent conformational regulation, phosphorylation-induced modulation, and allosteric communication. The results highlight the intrinsically dynamic and collective nature of protein function and demonstrate the value of physics-based computational approaches for investigating complex biomolecular mechanisms.
La funzione delle proteine dipende in modo cruciale dall'acquisizione e dal mantenimento di una corretta struttura tridimensionale. Un ripiegamento errato può portare alla formazione di stati misfolded e all'aggregazione proteica, contribuendo allo sviluppo di patologie gravi, tra cui il cancro e le malattie neurodegenerative. Gli chaperoni molecolari svolgono un ruolo centrale nel mantenimento della proteostasi cellulare, assistendo le proteine non native nel raggiungimento della conformazione funzionale e prevenendone l'aggregazione. Tra questi, la famiglia delle Heat Shock Proteins (Hsp), in particolare Hsp90, Hsp70 e Hsp40, regola la maturazione proteica attraverso cicli conformazionali ATP-dipendenti e sottoposti a controllo allosterico. Nonostante l'ampia caratterizzazione strutturale e biochimica, i meccanismi molecolari che coordinano dinamica degli chaperoni, regolazione allosterica e processamento delle proteine client non sono ancora completamente chiariti. Questa tesi utilizza simulazioni di dinamica molecolare (MD) per studiare i meccanismi conformazionali alla base della funzione di Hsp90, con particolare attenzione alla maturazione del recettore dei glucocorticoidi (GR). Simulazioni MD all'equilibrio degli intermedi strutturalmente caratterizzati del ciclo Hsp90–GR sono state impiegate per analizzare i determinanti molecolari della maturazione e del rilascio del client, nonché il ruolo dei co-chaperoni nella regolazione di percorsi alternativi di maturazione. Le simulazioni hanno permesso di identificare specifiche interazioni e variazioni conformazionali alla base di questi differenti esiti. Simulazioni MD di non equilibrio sono state inoltre utilizzate per caratterizzare la risposta strutturale di Hsp90 all'idrolisi dell'ATP. I risultati hanno evidenziato marcati spostamenti asimmetrici tra i due monomeri di Hsp90, fornendo evidenze a supporto di un meccanismo finora poco considerato che potrebbe contribuire all'asimmetria funzionale durante il ciclo dello chaperone e al collegamento tra stato nucleotidico e processamento del client. Sono stati inoltre studiati gli effetti della fosforilazione di due serine presenti nel charged loop di Hsp90β. Simulazioni MD comparative hanno evidenziato variazioni nella flessibilità conformazionale, nei pattern di legame a idrogeno, nella comunicazione interdominio e nelle interazioni con client e co-chaperoni. Questi risultati forniscono una descrizione a livello molecolare di come la fosforilazione possa modificare l'ensemble conformazionale di Hsp90 e modularne gli stati funzionali. Infine, è stato sviluppato un nuovo framework computazionale per lo studio dell'allosteria proteica secondo una prospettiva basata sull'ensemble conformazionale. A differenza degli approcci fondati su un riferimento strutturale fisso, il metodo proposto combina il modello ensemble dell'allosteria con una descrizione gaussiana degli spostamenti nelle distribuzioni di equilibrio, consentendo un confronto reference-free delle fluttuazioni conformazionali in diverse regioni della proteina. Le applicazioni preliminari dimostrano la capacità del metodo di identificare residui e percorsi di comunicazione coinvolti nel riconoscimento dei ligandi e nella segnalazione a lunga distanza. Nel complesso, questa tesi integra simulazioni MD al (non) equilibrio con analisi computazionali avanzate per fornire una descrizione meccanicistica della maturazione proteica mediata da Hsp90, della regolazione conformazionale dipendente dall'ATP, della modulazione indotta dalla fosforilazione e della comunicazione allosterica. I risultati evidenziano la natura intrinsecamente dinamica e collettiva della funzione proteica e dimostrano il valore degli approcci computazionali basati sulla fisica nello studio di complessi meccanismi biomolecolari.
Development of Biochemical and Biophysical Computational Methods to Investigate Protein Complexes
Bonollo, Giorgio
2026-09-25
Abstract
Protein function depends critically on the acquisition and maintenance of a correct three-dimensional structure. Incorrect folding can lead to the formation of misfolded states and protein aggregation, contributing to the development of severe diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Molecular chaperones play a central role in maintaining cellular proteostasis, assisting non-native proteins in reaching functional conformations and preventing their aggregation. Among these, the Heat Shock Protein (Hsp) family, particularly Hsp90, Hsp70 and Hsp40, regulates protein maturation through ATP-dependent conformational cycles under allosteric control. Despite extensive structural and biochemical characterisation, the molecular mechanisms coordinating chaperone dynamics, allosteric regulation and client protein processing remain incompletely understood. This thesis uses molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the conformational mechanisms underlying Hsp90 function, with particular focus on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) maturation. Equilibrium MD simulations of structurally characterised intermediates of the Hsp90–GR cycle were employed to analyse the molecular determinants of client maturation and release, as well as the role of co-chaperones in regulating alternative maturation pathways. The simulations identified specific interactions and conformational changes underlying these different outcomes. Non-equilibrium MD simulations were also used to characterise the structural response of Hsp90 to ATP hydrolysis. The results revealed pronounced asymmetric displacements between the two Hsp90 monomers, providing evidence for a previously underappreciated mechanism that may contribute to functional asymmetry during the chaperone cycle and to the coupling between nucleotide state and client processing. The effects of phosphorylation of two serine residues within the charged loop of Hsp90β were also investigated. Comparative MD simulations revealed changes in conformational flexibility, hydrogen-bonding patterns, inter-domain communication, and interactions with clients and co-chaperones. These results provide a molecular-level description of how phosphorylation can alter the Hsp90 conformational ensemble and modulate its functional states. Finally, a novel computational framework was developed to investigate protein allostery from a conformational ensemble perspective. Unlike approaches based on a fixed structural reference, the proposed method combines the ensemble model of allostery with a Gaussian description of shifts in equilibrium distributions, enabling reference-free comparison of conformational fluctuations across different regions of the protein. Preliminary applications demonstrate the ability of the method to identify residues and communication pathways involved in ligand recognition and long-range signalling. Overall, this thesis integrates equilibrium and non-equilibrium MD simulations with advanced computational analyses to provide a mechanistic description of Hsp90-mediated protein maturation, ATP-dependent conformational regulation, phosphorylation-induced modulation, and allosteric communication. The results highlight the intrinsically dynamic and collective nature of protein function and demonstrate the value of physics-based computational approaches for investigating complex biomolecular mechanisms.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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