Weight loss behaviors in Brazilian mixed martial arts athletes

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the weight loss behaviors among Brazilian professional mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes. Methods: One hundred and seventy nine Brazilian professional MMA athletes (164 males and 15 females; age: median 25 years, range = 19–37 years) from different regions of the country answered an adapted version of a questionnaire developed to characterize weight loss behavior. In addition, questionnaire scores were associated with extremes in behavior. Results: All athletes stated that they had engaged in weight loss procedures to make weight for competition and ~ 35% had engaged in weight loss procedures twice in the last season, usually losing a magnitude of up to 10% of their body mass. About 26% started their weight loss procedures in a time span of 30 days prior to competition. When athletes were analyzed by sex and weight classes, no significant differences were found in the questionnaire score. In contrast, international level athletes showed significant differences in the questionnaire score when compared to state (P < 0.001) and national (P < 0.05) level athletes. Athletes also reported always use a combination of gradual diet (64.2%), restricting fluid intake (62.6%), and sweat suits (55.9%) as methods to cut weight. Additionally, athletes reported the usage of diuretics (~ 49%) and laxatives (~ 32%) at least once in their professional MMA carrier. The most influential sources of weight management behaviors were coaches, training partners, and physical trainers. Conclusion: Brazilian professional MMA athletes commonly undergo weight loss procedures through harmful and illegal methods regardless of sex, weight class, although international level athletes demonstrated weight management behavior that was found to be even more aggressive.