Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: Potential Application in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescents

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance (IR) are the main drivers of clinical, metabolic and reproductive phenotypes of PCOS. In adolescence, the cornerstones of PCOS treatment are lifestyle and dietary interventions. In particular, the quality and quantity of carbohydrates introduced with the diet play a crucial role in the benefits of diet on PCOS. Recently, the ketogenic diet (KD) has attracted significant interest for the treatment of IR and for the control of carbohydrate metabolism, which has proven to be beneficial for several dysmetabolic conditions, including PCOS. The goal of the KD is to induce a fasting-like metabolism with production of chetonic bodies. Ketosis is a good regulator of calorie intake and mimics the starvation effect in the body, leading to body weight control and consequent metabolism. Additionally, during ketogenesis, insulin receptor sensitivity is also promoted. We proposed a broad overview of the available literature regarding KD indications and considered its metabolic benefits useful for improving PCOS management. The reported data support that a low-calorie ketogenic diet (LCKD) plays a positive role as a regulator of control weight, IR, glucose and lipid homeostasis and hormonal profile. Unfortunately, the evidence concerning the benefits of the very LCKD in adolescents with PCOS and excessive body weight is still numerically scarce. Further studies are necessary to understand whether these effects are due to weight loss or to the nutritional characteristics of this diet. Considering the long-term consequences of PCOS, it is crucial to detect the prospects of nutritional interventions to protect fertility, starting in adolescence.