The Evolution of Solar Architecture: A Critical Examination of Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Integration in Buildings from Historical, Technological, and Energy Dynamics

This study examines the progressive integration of photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies within architecture, tracing their evolution from pioneering experimentation to their applications in contemporary architecture as integral components of sustainable design. By connecting technological advancements, market potential, and policy developments, this analysis offers a comprehensive overview of the evolving relationship between solar technology and architecture. Various integration approaches are detailed, including the optimization of energy production through architectural design, the adaptation of active systems to existing structures, and the development of innovative materials that enhance both the aesthetic and functional aspects of buildings. Key technological advancements, such as the introduction of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), thin-film technologies, organic photovoltaics (OPV), are discussed for their contributions to expanding the design possibilities and flexibility. Moreover, the aesthetic revolution in PV technology is examined, focusing on innovations in color, transparency, and material composition that have enabled more versatile and visually appealing applications. In addition, the broader implications of active and hybrid solar integration are examined, including its impact on architectural strategies, urban planning, and the legislative frameworks. Ultimately, it illustrates how active solar technologies have evolved beyond mere functionality to become transformative materials capable of redefining the morphology and visual identity of contemporary architecture.