Development and validation of an analytical method (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in honey

Honey, a widely consumed natural product, acts as a bioindicator of environmental contamination because it is produced by bees from nectar collected in polluted flowers. Among contaminants of concern, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are particularly alarming for their persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential adverse health effects. This study presents the validation of a robust analytical UHPLC-MS/MS method designed to detect and quantify 28 PFAS in honey samples. The method demonstrated detection limits of 0,007 – 0,04 ng/mL with precision consistently > 90 % and accuracy ranging from 85 % to 110 %, depending on the specific PFAS and matrix. The analysis of both commercial and non-commercial honey samples revealed the widespread presence of PFAS indicating environmental exposure across diverse sources. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to explore compositional differences between sample types. By providing a validated analytical approach and new data, this work supports improved monitoring of PFAS contamination in honey.