Smart home: historical framework, technological integration, and current trends in energy efficiency, human comfort, and security

This study explores the evolution and technological integration of smart homes, examining their development from early automation systems to the advanced, interconnected living environments of today. It traces the historical context of domestic spaces, highlighting key milestones in the adoption of automation technologies, from the first programmable home systems in the 1990s to the rise of the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence (AI) in the 21st century. It discusses the fundamental technologies that enable smart homes, including energy management systems, AI-driven automation, and the role of connectivity in enhancing user experience. Furthermore it highlights current trends in smart home development, exploring the impact of these technologies on energy efficiency, comfort, security, and sustainability. Through a comprehensive review of both theoretical frameworks and real-world examples it shows the role of smart homes in reshaping domestic living.