Post-disaster response and restauration of btown network based on prymary network

Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) represent one of most critical infrastructures of modern society. In fact, only a partial interruption of service could weaken and compromise normal urban activities. WDS failure can be mechanical (pump malfunctions or pipe breaks), hydraulic (insufficient pressure, unsupplied demand) or water quality-related (incidental or intentional contamination). To increase the ability of a system to overcome the occurrence of a failure, reliability is considered in WDS design. Traditionally, the reliability of WDSs was assured by means of densely looped layouts, to provide alternative paths for each demand node with a subsequent increase in topological and energy redundancy. Recently, a methodology to define a primary water network with the aim to suggest a group of pipes to focus on, for monitoring and maintenance was proposed. The primary network was obtained reducing the topological and energy redundancy in compliance with a minimum required level of service (in terms of nodal pressures) for all users. In case of multiple pipe failures, for example caused by an earthquake disaster, it is possible to adopt the principle of primary network to prioritize the pipes to repair or replace based on high values of edge betweenness, which are expected to maximize the functionality of the network. Therefore, in the battle of post-disaster response and restauration (BPDRR), the authors have tested the primary network principles in order to find the optimal restoration scheme for the very large network of B-Town.